A Review on the Uptake, Accumulation, Impact and Determinants of Microcystins on Intestinal Health

Microcystins (MCs) released during cyanobacterial blooms induce immense toxic manifestations in animals and humans. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categorized MC as a possible carcinogen. Research indicates that aside from the liver, MCs can negatively impact the intestine. Interestingly, less attention exists with respect to MCs effects on the intestine in spite of the organ being the focal site of the toxins’ uptake. Compiling data from in vivo and in vitro studies, the current review summarized available literature on the impact of MCs on intestinal health. In addition, the toxins’ uptake, accumulation, and various methods used to determine intestinal toxicity were elucidated.

Microcystins (MCs) released during cyanobacterial blooms induce immense toxic manifestations in animals and humans. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) categorized MC as a possible carcinogen. Research indicates that aside from the liver, MCs can negatively impact the intestine. Interestingly, less attention exists with respect to MCs effects on the intestine in spite of the organ being the focal site of the toxins’ uptake. Compiling data from in vivo and in vitro studies, the current review summarized available literature on the impact of MCs on intestinal health. In addition, the toxins’ uptake, accumulation, and various methods used to determine intestinal toxicity were elucidated.